Hormonal regulation of immune modulators in human breast tissue

_________________________________________________________________ 5 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning __________________________________________ 9 List of papers _____________________________________________________________ 11 Abbreviations _____________________________________________________________ 13 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 15 Breast cancer _____________________________________________________________ 15 Etiology and risk factors ________________________________________________________ 16 Diagnosis and treatment ________________________________________________________ 16 The breast ________________________________________________________________ 17 Sex steroids _______________________________________________________________ 18 Estrogen and breast cancer ______________________________________________________ 19 Tamoxifen ___________________________________________________________________________ 19 Fulvestrant ___________________________________________________________________________ 20 Tumor microenvironment ___________________________________________________ 21 Inflammation _________________________________________________________________ 21 Inflammation and breast cancer __________________________________________________________ 22 The interleukin-1 family ________________________________________________________________ 23 IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra _______________________________________________________________ 24 Adipokines ___________________________________________________________________ 25 Leptin and the leptin receptor ___________________________________________________________ 25 Adiponectin and the adiponectin receptors _________________________________________________ 25 Leptin/adiponectin ratio ________________________________________________________________ 26 Angiogenesis _________________________________________________________________ 27 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) _________________________________________________ 27 Nutrition and breast cancer __________________________________________________ 28 Aims of this thesis __________________________________________________________ 29 Comments on methods _____________________________________________________ 31 Cancer cell lines _______________________________________________________________ 31 Human primary cells ___________________________________________________________ 31 Human tissue in culture _________________________________________________________ 32 Microdialysis _________________________________________________________________ 33 Human subjects _______________________________________________________________ 35 Animal models ________________________________________________________________ 37 MMTV-PyMT mouse model _____________________________________________________________ 37 The nude mouse xenograft model ________________________________________________________ 39 Immunohistochemistry _________________________________________________________ 40